| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Federal Works Agency ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Federal Works Agency
The Federal Works Agency (FWA) was an independent agency of the federal government of the United States which administered a number of public construction, building maintenance, and public works relief functions and laws from 1939 to 1949. Along with the Federal Security Agency and Federal Loan Agency, it was one of three catch-all agencies of the federal government pursuant to reorganization plans authorized by the Reorganization Act of 1939, the first major, planned reorganization of the executive branch of the government of the United States since 1787.〔Mosher, Frederick C. ''American Public Administration: Past, Present, Future.'' 2d ed. Birmingham, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1975. ISBN 0-8173-4829-8〕
==History==
During the Great Depression, the federal government created a large number of agencies whose mission was to construct public works (such as parks, water treatment systems, roads, and buildings), employ the unemployed to construct such works, and to issue loans and grants to regional authorities, states, counties, and localities for the construction of public works. Many influential members of Congress, political scientists, and public administration experts had strongly criticized the proliferation of executive branch agencies as inefficient.〔Calabresi, Steven G. and Yoo, Christopher S. ''The Unitary Executive: Presidential Power from Washington to Bush.'' New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-300-12126-1〕 On April 3, 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law the Reorganization Act of 1939, which for two years gave him the authority (under certain limitations) to reorganize existing departments, agencies, bureaus, commissions and committees of the federal government to achieve efficiency and economy.〔Belair, Jr., Felix. "Roosevelt Signs Reorganizing Bill." ''New York Times.'' April 4, 1939.〕 Pursuant to the Act, President Roosevelt issued Reorganization Plan No. 1 (promulgated April 25, 1939; effective July 1, 1939).〔("Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act." April 25, 1939. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. ''The American Presidency Project.'' Santa Barbara, Calif.: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters (database). )〕〔Sundquist, James L. ''The Decline and Resurgence of Congress.'' Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1981. ISBN 0-8157-8223-3〕
Reorganization Plan 1 created the Federal Works Agency, bringing together the Bureau of Public Roads, the Public Buildings Branch of the Procurement Division, the Branch of Buildings Management of the National Park Service, the United States Housing Authority, the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, and the Works Progress Administration.〔 With global hostilities rising prior to the start of World War II, the FWA used the authority granted to it by the ''Defense Housing and Community Facilities and Services Act'' of October 1940 (Act of October 14, 1940; ch. 862, 54 Stat. 1125; commonly known as the "Lanham Act") to establish, by administrative order on July 16, 1941, the Division of Defense Public Works (DDPW).〔Smith, Jason Scott. ''Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956.'' New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-82805-8〕〔("General Records of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Record Group 207. 1931–87." Web version based on ''Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States.'' 3 Volumes. Compiled by Robert B. Matchette, et al. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1995. )〕 DDPW's role was to fund and supervise the construction of national defense public works, primarily housing, public health facilities, schools, child care facilities, and recreation areas for communities impacted by fast-growing defense industries.〔〔Fee, Elizabeth. "History and Development of Public Health." In ''Principles of Public Health Practice.'' 2d ed. Scutchfield, F. Douglas and Keck, C. William, eds. Florence, Ky.: Cengage Learning, 2002. ISBN 0-7668-2843-3; Goodwin, Doris Kearns. ''No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II.'' Reprint ed. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. ISBN 0-684-80448-4〕 FWA created the Division of War Public Service (DWPS) by administrative order on August 3, 1942, under the Lanham Act to administer public services required by the war.〔 The FWA, at about the same time, also created the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division to design and construct housing for middle income defense workers under the direction of Colonel Lawrence Westbrook, Special Assistant to the Federal Works Administrator.〔National Housing Agency. "The Mutual Home Ownership Program." Washington, D.C.: Federal Public Housing Authority, January, 1946. p.4.〕
Additional changes came during the war. By (using authority granted under the First War Powers Act), the U.S. Housing Authority was moved under the National Housing Authority and redesignated as the Federal Public Housing Authority on February 24, 1942.〔Rossiter, Clinton L. ''Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies.'' Rev. 2d ed. Piscataway, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2002. ISBN 0-7658-0975-3; Crenson, Matthew A. and Ginsberg, Benjamin. ''Presidential Power: Unchecked and Unbalanced.'' New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007. ISBN 0-393-06488-3; Folly, Martin H. ''The United States and World War II: The Awakening Giant.'' Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1526-1〕〔("Executive Order 9070 - Establishing the National Housing Agency." February 24, 1942. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. ''The American Presidency Project.'' Santa Barbara, Calif.: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters (database). )〕 The Public Works Administration, a Depression-era agency which distributed construction loans and grants as a form of relief, was abolished by Executive Order 9357 on June 30, 1943.〔("Executive Order 9357 - Transferring the Functions of the Public Works Administration to the Federal Works Agency." June 30, 1943. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. ''The American Presidency Project.'' Santa Barbara, CA: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters (database) ); Olson, James Stuart. ''Historical Dictionary of the Great Depression, 1929–1940.'' Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. ISBN 0-313-30618-4〕 The Works Project Administration was abolished, effective June 30, 1943, by order of the President to the Administrator of the FWA on December 4, 1942.〔("Letter to the Federal Works Administrator Discontinuing the W.P.A." December 4, 1942. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. ''The American Presidency Project.'' Santa Barbara, Calif.: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters (database). )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Federal Works Agency」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|